Tuesday, April 04, 2023
Michael Heim, CFA, Senior Research Analyst, Noble Capital Markets, Inc.
Refer to the bottom of the report for important disclosures
OPEC cut boosts oil prices and energy stocks, offsetting last quarter’s underperformance in one day. OPEC announced a 1 million bbls./day voluntary production cut causing oil prices to rise 6.3% to a level near $80/bbl. and the XLE Energy Index to rise 4.5% the day after the announcement.
If domestic producers had the ability to expand production, they would have already. In the past, domestic production has risen in response to higher oil prices. In recent years, however, rig count has not increase as much as one would expect given the rise in oil prices. We believe the low rig count reflects a decrease in the number of economically feasible drilling locations. We would note that producers are generally able to produce oil at a cost of $30-$40/bbl. well below oil prices. If producers had the ability to ramp up drilling, we would have thought they would have done so even at $60/bbl. prices.
Horizontal drilling and fracking have increased production decline curves putting companies on a treadmill just to maintain production. More than half of domestic production comes from wells drilled in the last 24 months. The implication is that domestic oil producers are hard pressed to drill enough wells to offset production declines, let alone increase overall production to counter production declines by OPEC. As a result, we believe oil prices could remain high for many years.
Small producers and companies with a large drilling portfolio are best positioned. Larger producers continue to be constrained from expanding oil operations given political and shareholder pressures to move away from carbon-based energy. Smaller producers face less pressure. Companies with ample acreage and drilling prospects are best positioned to take advantage of a prolonged oil price upcycle.
Look for an increased focus on returning capital to shareholders. After several years of high energy prices, many companies have paid down debt and invested in infrastructure. With drilling prospects limited, we believe management will increasing look to raise dividends or repurchase shares.
Energy Stocks
Energy stocks, as measured by the XLE Energy Index, declined 5.3% in the 2023 first quarter. The decline was a sharp contrast to the 7.0% increase in the S&P 500 Index. The decline comes after several years of strong performances for energy stocks and reflects a 5.7% decrease in oil prices and a 50.5% decrease in natural gas prices. Worthy of note, as we are writing this report on April 3rd, oil prices have risen 6.3% and the XLE Energy Index is up 4.5% in response to an announcement by OPEC+ to reduce production by more than 1 million barrels per day. Following the announcement, oil prices settled above $80/bbl. almost reaching the price at the end of 2022.
Figure #1
If the cuts are adhered to, it will represent a significant increase in the excess production capacity of OPEC+. The surplus has grown steadily since the pandemic surpassing 5 million bbls./day according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. That surplus had begun to decrease as the pandemic eased and global oil demand returned to normal levels. A reduction in production levels would return surplus capacity to pandemic levels.
Figure #2
With OPEC+ reducing production and oil prices rising, it will be interesting to see if producers in North America will respond by increasing production. In the past, when oil prices rose sharply, producers responded by drilling more wells. The advent of horizontal drilling and fracking over the last 15 years has greatly improved the economics of drilling in the basin by increasing the initial flow rates of oil and gas wells. As the chart below indicates, almost all wells drilled in North America are horizontal wells.
Figure #3
Unfortunately, one of the impacts of increased oil and gas flow is that production will decline at a higher rate after the initial production. That means more and more wells need to be drilled just to offset the drop in production. The chart below, while somewhat dated, shows Permian Basin oil production separated by the year wells came on-line. The chart shows that in 2022, more than half of all oil production came from wells drilled in 2021 or 2022. The implication is that domestic oil producers are hard pressed to drill enough wells to offset production declines, let alone increase overall production to counter production declines by OPEC+.
Figure #4
Source: Novi Labs
Without a rise in domestic production, it is likely that oil prices will remain at elevated levels. This is good news for producers who can produce oil at $30-$40 per barrel. The high netbacks (prices less royalties and operating costs) mean increased profits and cash flow for energy companies. And, if an energy company is fortunate enough to have a large acreage position with an abundance of potential drilling sites, growth rates will accelerate.
Natural Gas Prices
The outlook for natural gas, however, is not as rosy. Natural gas prices fell sharply this winter in response to warm weather and weak economic conditions.
Figure #5
Source: Natural Gas Intelligence
Storage levels, which were running below historical levels, are now at five-year highs for this time of year. With the winter heating season now coming to an end, storage levels are unlikely to reverse. As a result, natural gas prices could remain depressed until the fall heating season.
Figure #6
Outlook
A dismal quarter for the energy sector got a shot in the arm on the first day of the new quarter with a surprise OPEC+ production cut announcement. The announcement was welcomed news for producers that were already seeing profitable production margins and high returns on drilling investments. Cash flow levels are high and companies have been expanding operations and returning capital to shareholders. As investment opportunities become sparse and debt levels become low (or completely eliminated), we believe management will increase the focus on raising dividend levels and repurchasing shares. Share repurchases should support energy stock prices increases and an increased dividend yield should protect against any potential share price weakness.
We believe the case for smaller cap energy stocks is especially strong. Major oil companies are facing increasing pressure to focus on renewable energy instead of producing more carbon-based fuel. Smaller cap energy companies are less tethered and often able to acquire and exploit properties being ignored by the majors. If our belief that a world-wide recession is already factored into energy prices is correct, small cap energy companies will be in the best position to take advantage of any energy price increase resulting from OPEC+ production cuts.
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ANALYST CREDENTIALS, PROFESSIONAL DESIGNATIONS, AND EXPERIENCE
Senior Equity Analyst focusing on Basic Materials & Mining. 20 years of experience in equity research. BA in Business Administration from Westminster College. MBA with a Finance concentration from the University of Missouri. MA in International Affairs from Washington University in St. Louis.
Named WSJ ‘Best on the Street’ Analyst and Forbes/StarMine’s “Best Brokerage Analyst.”
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